Wind effects on the long‐distance migration of GPS‐tracked adult ospreys <i>Pandion haliaetus</i> from Germany

Birds that repeatedly visit distinct places along their migratory routes in consecutive years must be able to navigate these and respond appropriately unfavourable wind conditions. This study analysed the routes, repeatedly-visited areas responses sidewinds of 15 GPS-tracked adult ospreys Pandion haliaetus from northeast Germany migrating wintering sites Africa back. We determined stopovers intermediate goal performed repeatability estimations on timing paths four regions. The orientation behaviour was with regard perpendicular components at each GPS point during autumn spring migrations. Generalised linear mixed models were used test dependence region distance next goal. findings showed demonstrate high fidelity spring, as well migration autumn; are predominantly compensated, especially when strong. Furthermore, migration, proportion compensation increases most regions decreasing distances goal; however, drift detected more often smaller than higher Mediterranean central Europe. In general, compensate for utilise supporting tailwinds journeys back